African Diaspora 3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

African Diaspora 3 - Research Paper Example The first conference of the Association was held in 1900 by Williams and it was a three day conference which comprised of men and women of the African blood. There were many speakers who attended it and the most important message that was addressed to the nation was that the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the colour-line. This was the defining statement of the conference and many of the issues related to the injustice and racism suffered by the Africans were raised. With the support of the French Parliament, a conference was held in 1919 in Paris. It included many members representing the Africans and they came to the suggestion of drafting a law for the rights of the Africans internationally. Further more, the conference discussed the need for supervision of colonies to survive the economic exploitation and to abolish capital punishment of the colonial subjects. The right to education was also raised and self government was stressed upon. It was also suggested that more conferences should be organized for further success (Adi,  Sherwood 13). In 1921, the Pan African conference was held in London and after a month in Brussels. Both the conference stressed upon the racism in America and demanded for local self government. It also discussed the economic and political status of the colonial powers and the need for increased contacts between the interracial groups. In 1923 the conference reaches Lisbon where the representatives addressed the conditions and the exploitations of the black workers and the suggestions to try to demolish racism. Following the conferences, the Pan African delegates held their fifth congress in New York. The conference held delegates from states of America and ten foreign countries. The delegates were mostly blacks and women and the conference was funded by Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom. The conference

Urban Regeneration & Mega Event Case Study Olympics 2012 Essay

Urban Regeneration & Mega Event Case Study Olympics 2012 - Essay Example The purpose of the study is to determine whether or not a net benefit, either from economic gain or legacy, or both, is likely in the case of the London Olympics. Key concepts and theories Urban regeneration - Officially, the term ‘regeneration’ is described as ‘the positive transformation of a place – whether residential, commercial, or open space – that has previously displayed symptoms of physical, social and/or economic decline’ (Dept. of Culture, Media and Sports, 2004) Mega-event - The term ‘mega-events’ is used to refer to those high-profile events that last for a short duration but which require a great deal of expense and years of preparation. Mega-events are generally seen as having a great potential to promote tourism, and are expected to have a strong economic impact for the country hosting the event (Hiller, 2000, p. 439). Boosterism – The term ‘boosterism’ generally refers to ‘the necessary exaggeration that accompanies human endeavors’ (Amato, 1993, p. 50). In urban regeneration for mega-events, ‘boosterism’ refers to the exaggerat ed optimism in extolling the benefits of hosting a mega-event. Legacy planning – The term ‘legacy planning’ in relation to mega-sporting events refers to planning for deriving the maximum benefit of what is left of all the developments after the games have ended (Parliament HL, 2005). Crowding out – ‘Crowding out’ happens when visitors to the mega-event discourage regular visitors from taking their trip at the same time because of the difficulty of finding accommodations and getting access to other services; also known as ‘displacement’ (Barclay, 2009, p. 64). Supply-side leakages – ‘Supply-side leakages’ refer to the temporary entry of external firms which sell products during the Games, but whose revenues do not benefit the locality (Barclay, 2009, p. 64). Outline plan of the final essay 1. Introduction The introduction provides the background of the topic and an explanation for the importance of studying suc h a topic (Single, 2009, p. 70). This portion gives the context for understanding what the rest of the research will be about. The case study focuses on trying to weigh the economic costs against the economic benefits and the legacy the Olympic Games will create. 2. Urban regeneration The concept of urban regeneration is introduced first because it is the most important concept on which the case study is based. In explaining urban regeneration, the emphasis is placed on renewal and reconstruction of degraded part of the city. All projects that are undertaken as ‘regeneration’ projects should therefore enhance the areas of aspects of the city that are already in need of repair or upgrading. 3. Mega-event and its role in urban regeneration In this section, the idea of ‘mega-event’ is linked with that of ‘urban regeneration’. The two concepts are not or do not seem to be naturally related. The first refers to entertainment, something spectacular. The second refers to reconstruction. By discussing these two concepts in relation with each other, the importance of mega-events as a way of staging urban regeneration projects is given focus. 4. Urban regeneration for Olympics 2012 This section introduces the 2012 Olympic